"November 10, 1914 [not sic because we are talking about the War of 1812 and the treaty of Ghent], the American envoys offered the status ante bellum as a solution of the boundary and Indian problems. The British agreed, and the following article was drawn: 'The United States of America engage to put an end, immediately after the ratification of the present treaty, to hostilities with all the tribes or nations of Indians with whom they may be at war at the time of such ratification, and forthwith to restore to such tribes or nations respectively all the possessions, rights and privileges they may have enjoyed or been entitled to in 1811'. Thus the United States claimed and accepted full sovereignty over the tribesmen within its borders. This being the crucial problem of the treaty, other matters were quickly adjusted, and the whole was signed December 24, which Commissioner [John Quincy] Adams declared was the happiest day of his life. Well he might so declare, for the American envoys had won a notable victory for their nation" (Kellogg, p. 327).

And well I might declare how Kellogg jumped to the conclusion that a restoration of "possessions, rights and privileges" meant a claim of U.S. sovereignty over sovereign Indian Nations.